The mind‑gut axis, a dynamic network of neural, endocrine and immune pathways connecting the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract, underpins the bidirectional effects of psychological factors on digestive function. Irritable bowel syndrome affects 4–10% of the global population, with a marked female predominance; nearly 40% of patients report anxiety and 29% depression, and up to 25% of those with inflammatory bowel disease develop post‑traumatic stress disorder. Chronic stress activates the HPA axis, raising corticotropin‑releasing factor and cortisol, which increase gut permeability and dysregulate motility, while early life adversity can epigenetically reprogram glucocorticoid signalling and alter the microbiome, predisposing individuals to gut‑brain disorders. Because psychological distress exacerbates symptoms and disease activity, integrating brain–gut behavioural therapies, psychobiotics and personalised care into conventional management offers a promising path to improving outcomes and quality of life for patients with GI disorders.